Lex Fridman Podcast

Jean-Baptiste Kempf is lead developer of VLC and president of VideoLAN. Kieran Kunhya is a longtime FFmpeg contributor, codec engineer, and the person behind the now-infamous FFmpeg account on X. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep496-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/ffmpeg-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/FFmpeg https://ffmpeg.org/ https://www.videolan.org/ https://x.com/videolan https://jbkempf.com/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/jbkempf/ https://github.com/jbkempf https://x.com/kierank_ https://bit.ly/3OORhmC https://github.com/kierank SPONSORS: Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business. https://larridin.com Blitzy: AI agent for large enterprise codebases. https://blitzy.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine. https://perplexity.ai/ OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (03:00) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (10:48) – Weirdest things VLC opens (15:12) – How video playback works (24:33) – Video codecs and containers (35:20) – FFmpeg explained (56:20) – Linus Torvalds (1:00:59) – Turning down millions to keep VLC ad-free (1:15:17) – FFmpeg & Google drama (1:34:31) – FFmpeg developers (1:41:08) – VLC and FFmpeg (1:45:42) – History of FFmpeg (1:48:59) – Reverse engineering codecs (2:02:14) – FFmpeg testing (2:06:21) – Assembly code (handwritten) (2:30:39) – Rust programming language (2:39:55) – FFmpeg and Libav fork (2:48:17) – Open source burnout (2:56:04) – x264 and internet video (3:09:20) – Video compression basics (3:16:17) – CIA and fake VLC (3:26:52) – Ultra low latency streaming (3:44:20) – AV2 codec and video patents (3:54:12) – VLC backdoors (4:04:27) – Video archiving (4:11:04) – Future of FFmpeg and VLC

Lars Brownworth is a historian, teacher, podcaster, and author specializing in Viking history, medieval Europe, and the Byzantine Empire. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep495-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/lars-brownworth-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://larsbrownworth.com/ https://www.amazon.com/Sea-Wolves-History-Vikings/dp/1909979120 https://amzn.to/4sHY0xw https://12byzantinerulers.com/ https://apple.co/4sgSxNi SPONSORS: Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business. https://larridin.com BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine. https://perplexity.ai/ OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Jensen Huang is the co-founder and CEO of NVIDIA, the world’s most valuable company and the engine powering the AI computing revolution. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep494-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/jensen-huang-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://nvidia.com https://x.com/nvidia https://x.com/NVIDIAAI https://youtube.com/@nvidia https://www.instagram.com/nvidia/ https://www.linkedin.com/company/nvidia/ https://www.facebook.com/NVIDIA/ https://github.com/NVIDIA https://developer.nvidia.com/nemotron SPONSORS: Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine. https://perplexity.ai/ Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex Quo: Phone system (calls, texts, contacts) for businesses. https://quo.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Jeff Kaplan is a legendary Blizzard game designer of World of Warcraft and Overwatch, now preparing to launch a new game, The Legend of California, from his new studio Kintsugiyama – available to wishlist on Steam today, with alpha later in March. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep493-sc CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://store.steampowered.com/app/2550530/The_Legend_of_California https://www.kintsugiyama.com/ SPONSORS: Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex Blitzy: AI agent for large enterprise codebases. https://blitzy.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex CodeRabbit: AI-powered code reviews. https://coderabbit.ai/lex Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine. https://perplexity.ai/ OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Rick Beato is a music educator, interviewer, producer, songwriter, and a true multi-instrument musician, playing guitar, bass, cello & piano. His incredible YouTube channel celebrates great musicians & musical ideas, and helps millions of people fall in love with great music all over again. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep492-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/rick-beato-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://youtube.com/RickBeato https://x.com/rickbeato https://instagram.com/rickbeato1 https://rickbeato.com https://beatoeartraining.com https://beatobook.com SPONSORS: UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics. https://upliftdesk.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine. https://perplexity.ai/ OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Peter Steinberger is the creator of OpenClaw, an open-source AI agent framework that’s the fastest-growing project in GitHub history. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep491-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/peter-steinberger-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/steipete https://github.com/steipete https://steipete.com https://www.linkedin.com/in/steipete https://openclaw.ai https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw https://discord.gg/openclaw SPONSORS: Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine. https://perplexity.ai/ Quo: Phone system (calls, texts, contacts) for businesses. https://quo.com/lex CodeRabbit: AI-powered code reviews. https://coderabbit.ai/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex Blitzy: AI agent for large enterprise codebases. https://blitzy.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (03:51) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (15:29) – OpenClaw origin story (18:48) – Mind-blowing moment (28:15) – Why OpenClaw went viral (32:12) – Self-modifying AI agent (36:57) – Name-change drama (54:07) – Moltbook saga (1:02:26) – OpenClaw security concerns (1:11:07) – How to code with AI agents (1:42:02) – Programming setup (1:48:45) – GPT Codex 5.3 vs Claude Opus 4.6 (1:57:52) – Best AI agent for programming (2:19:52) – Life story and career advice (2:23:49) – Money and happiness (2:27:41) – Acquisition offers from OpenAI and Meta (2:44:51) – How OpenClaw works (2:56:09) – AI slop (3:02:13) – AI agents will replace 80% of apps (3:10:50) – Will AI replace programmers? (3:22:50) – Future of OpenClaw community

Nathan Lambert and Sebastian Raschka are machine learning researchers, engineers, and educators. Nathan is the post-training lead at the Allen Institute for AI (Ai2) and the author of The RLHF Book. Sebastian Raschka is the author of Build a Large Language Model (From Scratch) and Build a Reasoning Model (From Scratch). https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep490-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/ai-sota-2026-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact SPONSORS: Box: Intelligent content management platform. https://box.com/ai Quo: Phone system (calls, texts, contacts) for businesses. https://quo.com/lex UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics. https://upliftdesk.com/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex CodeRabbit: AI-powered code reviews. https://coderabbit.ai/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine. https://perplexity.ai/ OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (01:39) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (16:29) – China vs US: Who wins the AI race? (25:11) – ChatGPT vs Claude vs Gemini vs Grok: Who is winning? (36:11) – Best AI for coding (43:02) – Open Source vs Closed Source LLMs (54:41) – Transformers: Evolution of LLMs since 2019 (1:02:38) – AI Scaling Laws: Are they dead or still holding? (1:18:45) – How AI is trained: Pre-training, Mid-training, and Post-training (1:51:51) – Post-training explained: Exciting new research directions in LLMs (2:12:43) – Advice for beginners on how to get into AI development & research (2:35:36) – Work culture in AI (72+ hour weeks) (2:39:22) – Silicon Valley bubble (2:43:19) – Text diffusion models and other new research directions (2:49:01) – Tool use (2:53:17) – Continual learning (2:58:39) – Long context (3:04:54) – Robotics (3:14:04) – Timeline to AGI (3:21:20) – Will AI replace programmers? (3:39:51) – Is the dream of AGI dying? (3:46:40) – How AI will make money? (3:51:02) – Big acquisitions in 2026 (3:55:34) – Future of OpenAI, Anthropic, Google DeepMind, xAI, Meta (4:08:08) – Manhattan Project for AI (4:14:42) – Future of NVIDIA, GPUs, and AI compute clusters (4:22:48) – Future of human civilization

Paul Rosolie is a naturalist, explorer, author of a new book titled Junglekeeper, and is someone who has dedicated his life to protecting the Amazon rainforest. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep489-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/paul-rosolie-3-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://amzn.to/4q7vpAp https://instagram.com/paulrosolie https://junglekeepers.org https://paulrosolie.com https://amzn.to/3ww2ob1 SPONSORS: Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine. https://perplexity.ai/ BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex Miro: Online collaborative whiteboard platform. https://miro.com/ MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. https://masterclass.com/lexpod OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Joel David Hamkins is a mathematician and philosopher specializing in set theory, the foundations of mathematics, and the nature of infinity, and he’s the #1 highest-rated user on MathOverflow. He is also the author of several books, including Proof and the Art of Mathematics and Lectures on the Philosophy of Mathematics. And he has a great blog called Infinitely More. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep488-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/joel-david-hamkins-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/JDHamkins https://jdh.hamkins.org https://www.infinitelymore.xyz https://mathoverflow.net/users/1946/joel-david-hamkins https://jdh.hamkins.org/publications https://amzn.to/3MThaAt https://amzn.to/3YACc9A SPONSORS: Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine. https://www.perplexity.ai/ Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex Miro: Online collaborative whiteboard platform. https://miro.com/ CodeRabbit: AI-powered code reviews. https://coderabbit.ai/lex Chevron: Reliable energy for data centers. https://chevron.com/power Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. https://masterclass.com/lexpod OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (01:58) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (15:40) – Infinity & paradoxes (1:02:50) – Russell’s paradox (1:15:57) – Gödel’s incompleteness theorems (1:33:28) – Truth vs proof (1:44:52) – The Halting Problem (2:00:45) – Does infinity exist? (2:18:19) – MathOverflow (2:22:12) – The Continuum Hypothesis (2:31:58) – Hardest problems in mathematics (2:41:25) – Mathematical multiverse (3:00:18) – Surreal numbers (3:10:55) – Conway’s Game of Life (3:13:11) – Computability theory (3:23:04) – P vs NP (3:26:21) – Greatest mathematicians in history (3:40:05) – Infinite chess (3:58:24) – Most beautiful idea in mathematics

Irving Finkel is a scholar of ancient languages and a longtime curator at the British Museum, renowned for his expertise in Mesopotamian history and cuneiform writing. He specializes in reading and interpreting cuneiform inscriptions, including tablets from Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian contexts. He became widely known for studying a tablet with a Mesopotamian flood story that predates the biblical Noah narrative, which he presented in his book “The Ark Before Noah” and in a documentary that involved building a circular ark based on the tablet’s technical instructions. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep487-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/irving-finkel-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://www.instagram.com/drirvingfinkel/ https://amzn.to/4j2U0DW https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYXwZvOwHjVcFUi9iEqirkXRaCUJdXGha https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0LQM0SAx603A6p5EJ9DVcESqQReT7QyK https://www.britishmuseum.org/ https://thegreatdiaryproject.co.uk/ SPONSORS: Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex Miro: Online collaborative whiteboard platform. https://miro.com/ Chevron: Reliable energy for data centers. https://chevron.com/power LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:43) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (09:53) – Origins of human language (15:59) – Cuneiform (23:12) – Controversial theory about Göbekli Tepe (34:23) – How to write and speak Cuneiform (39:42) – Primitive human language (41:26) – Development of writing systems (42:20) – Decipherment of Cuneiform (54:51) – Limits of language (59:51) – Art of translation (1:05:01) – Gods (1:10:25) – Ghosts (1:20:13) – Ancient flood stories (1:30:21) – Noah’s Ark (1:41:44) – The Royal Game of Ur (1:54:43) – British Museum (2:02:08) – Evolution of human civilization

Michael Levin is a biologist at Tufts University working on novel ways to understand and control complex pattern formation in biological systems. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep486-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/michael-levin-2-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/drmichaellevin https://drmichaellevin.org https://drmichaellevin.org/publications/ https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.00880 https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.05375 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38636560/ https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.10346 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.abf1571 SPONSORS: Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex CodeRabbit: AI-powered code reviews. https://coderabbit.ai/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics. https://upliftdesk.com/lex Miro: Online collaborative whiteboard platform. https://miro.com/ MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. https://masterclass.com/lexpod OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (10:09) – Biological intelligence (18:42) – Living vs non-living organisms (23:55) – Origin of life (27:40) – The search for alien life (on Earth) (1:00:44) – Creating life in the lab – Xenobots and Anthrobots (1:13:46) – Memories and ideas are living organisms (1:27:26) – Reality is an illusion: The brain is an interface to a hidden reality (2:13:13) – Unexpected Intelligence in sorting algorithms (2:38:51) – Can aging be reversed? (2:42:41) – Mind uploading (3:01:22) – Alien intelligence (3:16:17) – Advice for young people (3:22:46) – Questions for AGI

David Kirtley is a nuclear fusion engineer and CEO of Helion Energy, a company working on building the world’s first commercial fusion power plant by 2028. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep485-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/david-kirtley-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/dekirtley https://bit.ly/4qX0KXp https://www.helionenergy.com/ https://youtube.com/HelionEnergy SPONSORS: UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics. https://upliftdesk.com/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex Miro: Online collaborative whiteboard platform. https://miro.com/ LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Dan Houser is co-founder of Rockstar Games and is a legendary creative mind behind Grand Theft Auto (GTA) and Red Dead Redemption series of video games. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep484-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/dan-houser-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://absurdventures.com https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0FCYSK8VD https://absurdventures.com/americancaper SPONSORS: Box: Intelligent content management platform. https://box.com/ai UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics. https://upliftdesk.com/lex CodeRabbit: AI-powered code reviews. https://coderabbit.ai/lex Miro: Online collaborative whiteboard platform. https://miro.com/ Lindy: No-code AI agent builder. https://go.lindy.ai/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Julia Shaw is a criminal psychologist and author who in her books explores human nature, including psychopathy, violent crime, the psychology of evil, police interrogation, false memory manipulation, deception detection, and human sexuality. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep483-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/julia-shaw-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://instagram.com/drjuliashaw https://www.drjuliashaw.com/ https://linktr.ee/drjuliashaw https://www.linkedin.com/in/drjuliashaw/ https://amzn.to/4mQBnTV https://amzn.to/4nLfSVE https://amzn.to/47lBAdc SPONSORS: Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Pavel Durov is the founder and CEO of Telegram. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep482-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/pavel-durov-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://t.me/durov https://x.com/durov https://telegram.org/ https://contest.com/ SPONSORS: Miro: Online collaborative whiteboard platform. https://miro.com/ UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics. https://upliftdesk.com/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Norman Ohler is a historian and author of “Blitzed: Drugs in the Third Reich,” a book that investigates the role of psychoactive drugs, particularly stimulants such as methamphetamine, in the military history of World War II. It is a book that two legendary historians Ian Kershaw and Antony Beevor give very high praise for its depth of research. Norman also wrote “Tripped: Nazi Germany, the CIA, and the Dawn of the Psychedelic Age”, and he is working on a new book “Stoned Sapiens” looking at the history of human civilization through the lens of drugs. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep481-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/norman-ohler-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://substack.com/@stonedsapiens https://x.com/normanohler https://www.instagram.com/normanohler https://www.youtube.com/@Norman-Ohler https://www.normanohler.de https://amzn.to/46uNS18 https://amzn.to/4mmY2XC https://amzn.to/3KubPhK https://amzn.to/4nEy7eX SPONSORS: UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics. https://upliftdesk.com/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs. https://joinhampton.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (01:09) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (09:00) – Drugs in post-WWI Germany (19:18) – Nazi rise to power (23:45) – Hitler’s drug use (29:37) – Response to historian criticism (46:16) – Pervitin (1:00:15) – Blitzkrieg and meth (1:18:52) – Erwin Rommel (Crystal Fox) (1:23:02) – Dunkirk (1:31:06) – Hitler’s drug addiction (1:47:03) – Methamphetamine (1:48:57) – Invasion of Soviet Union (2:07:54) – Cocaine (2:16:49) – Hitler’s last days (2:36:48) – German resistance against Nazis (2:58:59) – Totalitarianism (3:04:09) – Stoned Sapiens – Drugs in human history (3:19:20) – Religion (3:30:09) – LSD, CIA, and MKUltra (3:55:39) – Writing on drugs (4:08:40) – Berlin night clubs (4:19:14) – Greatest book ever written

Dave Hone is a paleontologist, expert on dinosaurs, co-host of the Terrible Lizards podcast, and author of numerous scientific papers and books on the behavior and ecology of dinosaurs. He lectures at Queen Mary University of London on topics of Ecology, Zoology, Biology, and Evolution. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep480-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/dave-hone-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://www.davehone.co.uk/ https://amzn.to/4pbk828 https://terriblelizards.libsyn.com/ https://archosaurmusings.wordpress.com/ https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sbbs/staff/davidhone.html SPONSORS: Lindy: No-code AI agent builder. https://go.lindy.ai/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Dave Plummer is a programmer, former Microsoft software engineer (Windows 95, NT, XP), creator of Task Manager, author of two books on autism, and host of the Dave’s Garage YouTube channel, where he shares stories from his career, insights on software development, and deep dives into technology. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep479-sc CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/davepl1968 https://www.youtube.com/@DavesGarage https://www.youtube.com/@davepl https://github.com/PlummersSoftwareLLC https://amzn.to/41qd5IB SPONSORS: UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics. https://upliftdesk.com/lex ZocDoc: App that helps patients find healthcare providers. https://zocdoc.com/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex Allio Capital: AI-powered investment app that uses global macroeconomic trends. https://alliocapital.com/ Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Scott Horton is the director of the Libertarian Institute, editorial director of Antiwar.com, host of The Scott Horton Show, co-host of Provoked, and for the past three decades a staunch critic of U.S. military interventionism. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep478-sc CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/scott-horton-links-and-notes/ https://x.com/scotthortonshow https://youtube.com/@scotthortonshow https://youtube.com/@Provoked_Show https://scotthortonshow.com/ https://scotthorton.org/ https://amzn.to/3T9Qg7y https://libertarianinstitute.org/ https://antiwar.com/ SPONSORS: Allio Capital: AI-powered investment app that uses global macroeconomic trends. https://alliocapital.com/ Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs. https://joinhampton.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Keyu Jin is an economist specializing in China’s economy, international macroeconomics, global trade imbalances, and financial policy. She is the author of The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep477-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/keyu-jin-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/KeyuJin https://keyujin.com/ https://amzn.to/4lpgmyK SPONSORS: Allio Capital: AI-powered investment app that uses global macroeconomic trends. https://alliocapital.com/ UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics. https://upliftdesk.com/lex Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs. https://joinhampton.com/lex Lindy: No-code AI agent builder. https://go.lindy.ai/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Jack Weatherford is an anthropologist and historian specializing in Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep476-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/jack-weatherford-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://amzn.to/3ISziZr https://amzn.to/4l45LsY https://amzn.to/4l22uud https://amzn.to/4fpOQA4 https://amzn.to/40JEll1 SPONSORS: Allio Capital: AI-powered investment app that uses global macroeconomic trends. https://alliocapital.com/ ZocDoc: App that helps patients find healthcare providers. https://zocdoc.com/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex Oracle: Cloud infrastructure. https://oracle.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. https://masterclass.com/lexpod LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Demis Hassabis is the CEO of Google DeepMind and Nobel Prize winner for his groundbreaking work in protein structure prediction using AI. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep475-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/demis-hassabis-2-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/demishassabis https://x.com/GoogleDeepMind https://instagram.com/GoogleDeepMind https://deepmind.google/ https://gemini.google.com/ https://isomorphiclabs.com/ https://amzn.to/4lOXJ81 https://amzn.to/3AhUP7z SPONSORS: Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs. https://joinhampton.com/lex Fin: AI agent for customer service. https://fin.ai/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

David Heinemeier Hansson (aka DHH) is a legendary programmer, creator of Ruby on Rails, co-owner & CTO of 37signals that created Basecamp, HEY, & ONCE, and is a NYT-best-selling author (with Jason Fried) of 4 books: REWORK, REMOTE, Getting Real, and It Doesn’t Have To Be Crazy At Work. He is also a race car driver, including a class-winning performance at the 24 hour Le Mans race. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep474-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/dhh-david-heinemeier-hansson-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/dhh https://dhh.dk/ https://rubyonrails.org/ https://37signals.com/ DHH’s books: https://amzn.to/44rSKob https://amzn.to/44GFJ91 https://amzn.to/46bzuwx https://amzn.to/4kzoMDg SPONSORS: UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics. https://upliftdesk.com/lex Lindy: No-code AI agent builder. https://go.lindy.ai/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. http://netsuite.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:58) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (08:48) – Programming – early days (26:13) – JavaScript (36:32) – Google Chrome and DOJ (44:19) – Ruby programming language (51:30) – Beautiful code (1:09:31) – Metaprogramming (1:12:52) – Dynamic typing (1:20:10) – Scaling (1:33:03) – Future of programming (1:50:34) – Future of AI (1:56:29) – Vibe coding (2:05:01) – Rails manifesto: Principles of a great programming language (2:29:27) – Why managers are useless (2:38:48) – Small teams (2:44:55) – Jeff Bezos (3:00:13) – Why meetings are toxic (3:07:58) – Case against retirement (3:15:15) – Hard work (3:20:53) – Why we left the cloud (3:24:04) – AWS (3:33:22) – Owning your own servers (3:39:35) – Elon Musk (3:49:17) – Apple (4:01:03) – Tim Sweeney (4:12:37) – Fatherhood (4:38:19) – Racing (5:05:23) – Cars (5:10:41) – Programming setup (5:25:51) – Programming language for beginners (5:39:09) – Open source (5:48:01) – WordPress drama (5:59:18) – Money and happiness (6:08:11) – Hope

Debate on Iran war between Scott Horton and Mark Dubowitz. Scott Horton is the author and director of the Libertarian Institute, editorial director of Antiwar.com, host of The Scott Horton Show, and for the past three decades, a staunch critic of U.S. foreign policy and military interventionism. Mark Dubowitz is the chief executive of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, host of the Iran Breakdown podcast, and a leading expert on Iran and its nuclear program for over 20 years. This debate was recorded on Tuesday, June 24, after the Iran-Israel ceasefire was declared. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep473-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/iran-war-debate-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/mdubowitz https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmEsAFBNkqsMQnt5pypwEX0ul0NyIjd3E https://www.fdd.org/ Scott’s X: https://x.com/scotthortonshow https://youtube.com/@scotthortonshow https://www.scotthortonshow.com/ https://scotthorton.org/ https://amzn.to/3T9Qg7y https://libertarianinstitute.org/ https://antiwar.com/ SPONSORS: Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs. https://joinhampton.com/lex Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. https://notion.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex Oracle: Cloud infrastructure. https://oracle.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:36) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (08:02) – Iran-Israel War (16:45) – Iran’s Nuclear Program (48:37) – Nuclear weapons and uranium (1:00:40) – Nuclear deal (1:26:14) – Iran Nuclear Archive (1:48:50) – Best case and worst case near-term future (2:24:15) – US attack on Iran – Operation Midnight Hammer (2:47:48) – Nuclear proliferation in the future (3:08:46) – Libertarianism (3:21:35) – Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) (3:37:10) – Trump and Peacemaking process (3:42:08) – WW2 (3:55:08) – WW3

Terence Tao is widely considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians in history. He won the Fields Medal and the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, and has contributed to a wide range of fields from fluid dynamics with Navier-Stokes equations to mathematical physics & quantum mechanics, prime numbers & analytics number theory, harmonic analysis, compressed sensing, random matrix theory, combinatorics, and progress on many of the hardest problems in the history of mathematics. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep472-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/terence-tao-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://terrytao.wordpress.com/ https://www.youtube.com/@TerenceTao27 https://amzn.to/43H9Aiq SPONSORS: Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. https://notion.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. http://netsuite.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Sundar Pichai is CEO of Google and Alphabet. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep471-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/sundar-pichai-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/sundarpichai https://instagram.com/sundarpichai https://blog.google/authors/sundar-pichai/ https://gemini.google.com/ https://www.youtube.com/@Google SPONSORS: Tax Network USA: Full-service tax firm. https://tnusa.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

James Holland is a historian specializing in World War II. He hosts a podcast called WW2 Pod: We Have Ways of Making You Talk. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep470-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/james-holland-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://amzn.to/4caapmt https://x.com/James1940 https://instagram.com/jamesholland1940 https://james1940.substack.com https://apple.co/4l93Dl3 https://www.youtube.com/@wehaveways https://open.spotify.com/show/34VlAepHmeloDD76RX4jtc https://x.com/WeHaveWaysPod SPONSORS: Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. https://drinkag1.com/lex Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. https://notion.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Oliver Anthony is singer-songwriter who first gained worldwide fame with his viral hit Rich Men North of Richmond. He became a voice for many who are voiceless, with many of his songs speaking to the struggle of the working class in modern American life. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep469-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/oliver-anthony-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/AintGottaDollar https://instagram.com/oliver_anthony_music_ https://youtube.com/@oliveranthonymusic https://tiktok.com/@oliveranthonymusic https://oliveranthonymusic.com/ https://facebook.com/OliverAnthonyMusicOfficial/ https://linktr.ee/oliveranthonymusic SPONSORS: MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. https://masterclass.com/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex Oracle: Cloud infrastructure. https://oracle.com/lex Tax Network USA: Full-service tax firm. https://tnusa.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Janna Levin is a theoretical physicist and cosmologist specializing in black holes, cosmology of extra dimensions, topology of the universe, and gravitational waves. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep468-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/janna-levin-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/JannaLevin https://jannalevin.com https://instagram.com/jannalevin https://substack.com/@jannalevin https://amzn.to/3YkJzT5 https://amzn.to/42Nw7IE https://amzn.to/4m5De8k https://amzn.to/3GGakvd SPONSORS: Brain.fm: Music for focus. https://brain.fm/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. http://netsuite.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Tim Sweeney is a legendary video game programmer, founder and CEO of Epic Games that created the Unreal Engine, Fortnite, Gears of War, Unreal Tournament, and many other groundbreaking and influential video games. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep467-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/tim-sweeney-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/timsweeneyepic https://epicgames.com/ SPONSORS: Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. https://notion.com/lex MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. https://masterclass.com/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. https://drinkag1.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips SOCIAL LINKS: https://x.com/lexfridman https://instagram.com/lexfridman https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman https://facebook.com/lexfridman https://patreon.com/lexfridman https://t.me/lexfridman https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Jeffrey Wasserstrom is a historian of modern China. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep466-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/jeffrey-wasserstrom-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://amzn.to/3GnayXT https://amzn.to/4jmxWmT https://amzn.to/3RAJ9nI https://amzn.to/42DLapH SPONSORS: Oracle: Cloud infrastructure. https://oracle.com/lex Tax Network USA: Full-service tax firm. https://tnusa.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips SOCIAL LINKS: https://x.com/lexfridman https://instagram.com/lexfridman https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman https://facebook.com/lexfridman https://patreon.com/lexfridman https://t.me/lexfridman https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Robert Rodriguez is a legendary filmmaker and creator of Sin City, El Mariachi, Desperado, Spy Kids, Machete, From Dusk Till Dawn, Alita: Battle Angel, The Faculty, and his newest venture Brass Knuckle Films. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep465-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/robert-rodriguez-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/rodriguez https://instagram.com/rodriguez/ https://brassknucklefilms.com/ https://amzn.to/3G7gtQJ https://amzn.to/3Ri5wyc SPONSORS: Invideo AI: AI video generator. https://invideo.io/i/lexpod Brain.fm: Music for focus. https://brain.fm/lex NetSuite: Business management software. http://netsuite.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Dave Smith is a comedian, libertarian, political commentator, and the host of Part of the Problem podcast. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep464-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/dave-smith-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/ComicDaveSmith https://youtube.com/DSmithcomic https://instagram.com/theproblemdavesmith https://comicdavesmith.com/ https://partoftheproblem.com/ SPONSORS: Call of Duty: First-person shooter video game. https://callofduty.com/warzone Tax Network USA: Full-service tax firm. https://tnusa.com/lex Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. https://notion.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Douglas Murray is the author of On Democracies and Death Cults, The War on The West, and The Madness of Crowds. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep463-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/douglas-murray-2-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/DouglasKMurray https://www.youtube.com/@douglasmurray https://instagram.com/douglaskmurray https://douglasmurray.net https://amzn.to/4jahsxL https://amzn.to/38L7B36 SPONSORS: Call of Duty: First-person shooter video game. https://callofduty.com/warzone Oracle: Cloud infrastructure. https://oracle.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips SOCIAL LINKS: https://x.com/lexfridman https://instagram.com/lexfridman https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman https://facebook.com/lexfridman https://patreon.com/lexfridman https://t.me/lexfridman https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Ezra Klein is one of the most influential voices representing the left-wing of American politics. He is a columnist for the NY Times and host of The Ezra Klein Show. Derek Thompson is a writer at The Atlantic and host of the Plain English podcast. Together they have written a new book titled Abundance that lays out a set of ideas for the future of the Democratic party. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep462-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/ezra-klein-and-derek-thompson-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://amzn.to/4iZ1S8J https://x.com/ezraklein/ https://instagram.com/ezraklein https://youtube.com/EzraKleinShow https://nytimes.com/by/ezra-klein https://x.com/dkthomp https://www.theringer.com/podcasts/plain-english-with-derek-thompson https://theatlantic.com/author/derek-thompson/ SPONSORS: Call of Duty: First-person shooter video game. https://callofduty.com/warzone LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. https://drinkag1.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

ThePrimeagen (aka Michael Paulson) is a programmer who has educated, entertained, and inspired millions of people to build software and have fun doing it. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep461-sc CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://twitter.com/ThePrimeagen https://youtube.com/ThePrimeTimeagen https://twitch.tv/ThePrimeagen https://github.com/theprimeagen https://tiktok.com/@theprimeagen https://www.terminal.shop/ SPONSORS: Invideo AI: AI video generator. https://invideo.io/i/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. http://netsuite.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Narendra Modi is the Prime Minister of India. On YouTube this episode is available in English, Hindi, Russian (and soon other languages). Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided (for the main episode video on YouTube) in English, Hindi, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed-language version, please select the Hindi (Latin) audio track. The default is English overdub. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep460-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/narendra-modi-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/narendramodi https://instagram.com/narendramodi https://youtube.com/narendramodi https://narendramodi.in/ SPONSORS: Brain.fm: Music for focus. https://brain.fm/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. https://masterclass.com/lexpod NetSuite: Business management software. http://netsuite.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. https://drinkag1.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (17:24) – Fasting (29:42) – Early life (41:38) – Advice to Young People (47:20) – Journey in the Himalayas (58:50) – Becoming a monk (1:00:37) – RSS and Hindu nationalism (1:08:22) – Explaining India (1:12:32) – Mahatma Gandhi (1:24:27) – Path to peace in Ukraine (1:27:41) – India and Pakistan (1:33:21) – Cricket and Football (1:37:45) – Donald Trump (1:48:56) – China and Xi Jinping (1:56:01) – Gujarat riots in 2002 (2:11:37) – Biggest democracy in the world (2:21:53) – Power (2:26:39) – Hard work (2:29:46) – Srinivasa Ramanujan (2:31:53) – Decision-making process (2:39:40) – AI (2:49:55) – Education (3:00:10) – Learning and focus (3:06:01) – Mantra (3:07:45) – Meditation (3:13:43) – Lex visiting India (3:18:08) – Siddhartha

Dylan Patel is the founder of SemiAnalysis, a research & analysis company specializing in semiconductors, GPUs, CPUs, and AI hardware. Nathan Lambert is a research scientist at the Allen Institute for AI (Ai2) and the author of a blog on AI called Interconnects. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep459-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/deepseek-dylan-patel-nathan-lambert-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/dylan522p https://semianalysis.com/ https://x.com/natolambert https://www.interconnects.ai/ https://www.interconnects.ai/podcast https://www.natolambert.com/ https://youtube.com/@natolambert https://rlhfbook.com/ SPONSORS: Invideo AI: AI video generator. https://invideo.io/i/lexpod GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor. https://gh.io/copilot Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. http://netsuite.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (13:28) – DeepSeek-R1 and DeepSeek-V3 (35:02) – Low cost of training (1:01:19) – DeepSeek compute cluster (1:08:52) – Export controls on GPUs to China (1:19:10) – AGI timeline (1:28:35) – China’s manufacturing capacity (1:36:30) – Cold war with China (1:41:00) – TSMC and Taiwan (2:04:38) – Best GPUs for AI (2:19:30) – Why DeepSeek is so cheap (2:32:49) – Espionage (2:41:52) – Censorship (2:54:46) – Andrej Karpathy and magic of RL (3:05:17) – OpenAI o3-mini vs DeepSeek r1 (3:24:25) – NVIDIA (3:28:53) – GPU smuggling (3:35:30) – DeepSeek training on OpenAI data (3:45:59) – AI megaclusters (4:21:21) – Who wins the race to AGI? (4:31:34) – AI agents (4:40:16) – Programming and AI (4:47:43) – Open source (4:56:55) – Stargate (5:04:24) – Future of AI

Marc Andreessen is an entrepreneur, investor, co-creator of Mosaic, co-founder of Netscape, and co-founder of the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep458-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/marc-andreessen-2-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/pmarca https://pmarca.substack.com https://www.youtube.com/@a16z https://a16z.com SPONSORS: Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management. https://encord.com/lex GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor. https://gh.io/copilot Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. https://notion.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Jennifer Burns is a historian of ideas, focusing on the evolution of economic, political, and social ideas in the United States in the 20th century. She wrote two biographies, one on Milton Friedman, and the other on Ayn Rand. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep457-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/jennifer-burns-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/profburns https://www.jenniferburns.org Jennifer’s Books: https://amzn.to/4hfy1HO https://amzn.to/4afr3A0 SPONSORS: Brain.fm: Music for focus. https://brain.fm/lex GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor. https://gh.io/copilot LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Volodymyr Zelenskyy is the President of Ukraine. On YouTube this episode is available in English, Ukrainian, and Russian. Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided in English, Ukrainian, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed language version, please select the English (UK) audio track audio track. The default is English overdub. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep456-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/volodymyr-zelenskyy-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/ZelenskyyUa https://instagram.com/zelenskyy_official https://www.president.gov.ua/ SPONSORS: Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. https://notion.com/lex GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor. https://gh.io/copilot AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. https://drinkag1.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. https://eightsleep.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips SOCIAL LINKS: https://x.com/lexfridman https://instagram.com/lexfridman https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman https://facebook.com/lexfridman https://patreon.com/lexfridman https://t.me/lexfridman https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Adam Frank is an astrophysicist studying star systems and the search for extraterrestrial life and alien civilizations. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep455-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/adam-frank-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://adamfrankscience.com https://x.com/adamfrank4 https://instagram.com/adamfrankscience https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4 SPONSORS: Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management. https://encord.com/lex Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. https://eightsleep.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. http://netsuite.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. https://notion.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (14:22) – Planet formation (19:32) – Plate tectonics (26:54) – Extinction events (31:04) – Biosphere (34:02) – Technosphere (38:17) – Emergence of intelligence (44:29) – Drake equation (48:43) – Exoplanets (51:28) – Habitable zones (54:30) – Fermi Paradox (1:03:28) – Alien civilizations (1:12:55) – Colonizing Mars (1:25:11) – Search for aliens (1:41:37) – Alien megastructures (1:47:43) – Kardashev scale (1:52:56) – Detecting aliens (1:59:38) – Warp drives (2:05:45) – Cryogenics (2:09:03) – What aliens look like (2:17:48) – Alien contact (2:28:53) – UFO sightings (2:40:38) – Physics of life (3:06:29) – Nature of time (3:22:53) – Cognition (3:27:16) – Mortality

Saagar Enjeti is a political journalist & commentator, co-host of Breaking Points with Krystal and Saagar and The Realignment Podcast. He is exceptionally well-read, and the books he recommends are always fascinating and eye-opening. You can check out all the books he mentions in this episode here: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep454-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-enjeti-2-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books https://saagarenjeti.substack.com/ https://x.com/esaagar https://instagram.com/esaagar https://youtube.com/@breakingpoints https://www.youtube.com/@therealignment https://linktr.ee/esaagar SPONSORS: Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. https://eightsleep.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. https://drinkag1.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. http://netsuite.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (09:47) – Why Trump won (14:48) – Book recommendations (18:24) – History of wokeism (25:54) – History of Scots-Irish (32:32) – Biden (36:34) – FDR (38:36) – George W Bush (40:59) – LBJ (46:15) – Cuban Missile Crisis (53:48) – Immigration (1:25:46) – DOGE (1:52:27) – MAGA ideology (1:55:39) – Bernie Sanders (2:04:00) – Obama vs Trump (2:21:00) – Nancy Pelosi (2:24:14) – Kamala Harris (2:40:00) – 2020 Election (3:03:49) – Sam Harris (3:14:55) – UFOs (3:20:47) – Future of the Republican Party (3:27:24) – Future of the Democratic Party (3:35:21) – Hope

Javier Milei is the President of Argentina. This episode is available in both English and Spanish. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep453-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/javier-milei-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://x.com/JMilei https://instagram.com/javiermilei https://facebook.com/JavierMileiEconomista SPONSORS: Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress. https://eightsleep.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. http://netsuite.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. https://drinkag1.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips SOCIAL LINKS: https://x.com/lexfridman https://instagram.com/lexfridman https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman https://facebook.com/lexfridman https://patreon.com/lexfridman https://t.me/lexfridman https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Dario Amodei is the CEO of Anthropic, the company that created Claude. Amanda Askell is an AI researcher working on Claude’s character and personality. Chris Olah is an AI researcher working on mechanistic interpretability. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep452-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/dario-amodei-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://claude.ai https://x.com/AnthropicAI https://anthropic.com https://x.com/DarioAmodei https://darioamodei.com https://darioamodei.com/machines-of-loving-grace https://x.com/ch402 https://colah.github.io https://x.com/AmandaAskell https://askell.io SPONSORS: Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management. https://encord.com/lex Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. https://notion.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (10:19) – Scaling laws (19:25) – Limits of LLM scaling (27:51) – Competition with OpenAI, Google, xAI, Meta (33:14) – Claude (36:50) – Opus 3.5 (41:36) – Sonnet 3.5 (44:56) – Claude 4.0 (49:07) – Criticism of Claude (1:01:54) – AI Safety Levels (1:12:42) – ASL-3 and ASL-4 (1:16:46) – Computer use (1:26:41) – Government regulation of AI (1:45:30) – Hiring a great team (1:54:19) – Post-training (1:59:45) – Constitutional AI (2:05:11) – Machines of Loving Grace (2:24:17) – AGI timeline (2:36:52) – Programming (2:43:52) – Meaning of life (2:49:58) – Amanda Askell – Philosophy (2:52:26) – Programming advice for non-technical people (2:56:15) – Talking to Claude (3:12:47) – Prompt engineering (3:21:21) – Post-training (3:26:00) – Constitutional AI (3:30:53) – System prompts (3:37:00) – Is Claude getting dumber? (3:49:02) – Character training (3:50:01) – Nature of truth (3:54:38) – Optimal rate of failure (4:01:49) – AI consciousness (4:16:20) – AGI (4:24:58) – Chris Olah – Mechanistic Interpretability (4:29:49) – Features, Circuits, Universality (4:47:23) – Superposition (4:58:22) – Monosemanticity (5:05:14) – Scaling Monosemanticity (5:14:02) – Macroscopic behavior of neural networks (5:18:56) – Beauty of neural networks

Rick Spence is a historian specializing in the history of intelligence agencies, espionage, secret societies, conspiracies, the occult, and military history. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep451-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/rick-spence-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://www.uidaho.edu/class/history/faculty-staff/richard-spence https://bit.ly/40dIZbw SPONSORS: AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. https://drinkag1.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. http://netsuite.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. https://masterclass.com/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips SOCIAL LINKS: https://x.com/lexfridman https://instagram.com/lexfridman https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman https://facebook.com/lexfridman https://patreon.com/lexfridman https://t.me/lexfridman https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Bernie Sanders is a US Senator from Vermont and a two-time presidential candidate. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep450-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/bernie-sanders-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://berniesanders.com https://x.com/BernieSanders https://instagram.com/berniesanders https://youtube.com/@BernieSanders https://facebook.com/berniesanders Bernie’s Books: https://amzn.to/4fiIqS3 https://amzn.to/4eUSJMj https://amzn.to/3YkVAa4 https://amzn.to/40cIbnf https://amzn.to/3BSfD8u SPONSORS: Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress. https://eightsleep.com/lex Saily: An eSIM for international travel. https://saily.com/lex Ground News: Unbiased news source. https://groundnews.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. https://drinkag1.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Graham Hancock a journalist and author who for over 30 years has explored the controversial possibility that there existed a lost civilization during the last Ice Age, and that it was destroyed in a global cataclysm some 12,000 years ago. He is the presenter of the Netflix documentary series “Ancient Apocalypse”, the 2nd season of which has just been released. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep449-sc CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://grahamhancock.com/ https://netflix.com/title/81211003 https://youtube.com/GrahamHancockDotCom https://x.com/Graham__Hancock https://facebook.com/Author.GrahamHancock https://amzn.to/4eM3QXC SPONSORS: Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. https://notion.com/lex Riverside: Platform for recording podcasts and videos from everywhere. https://creators.riverside.fm/LEX LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Jordan Peterson is a psychologist, author, lecturer, and podcast host. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep448-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/jordan-peterson-2-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://petersonacademy.com https://x.com/jordanbpeterson https://www.youtube.com/@JordanBPeterson https://jordanbpeterson.com Jordan’s Books: https://amzn.to/485Dz4a https://amzn.to/3T4LRBw https://amzn.to/3c4sqYF https://amzn.to/3A1Ods2 SPONSORS: Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress. https://eightsleep.com/lex Ground News: Unbiased news source. https://groundnews.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. https://betterhelp.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Aman Sanger, Arvid Lunnemark, Michael Truell, and Sualeh Asif are creators of Cursor, a popular code editor that specializes in AI-assisted programming. https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep447-sc Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/cursor-team-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: https://cursor.com https://x.com/cursor_ai https://anysphere.inc/ https://x.com/amanrsanger https://amansanger.com/ https://x.com/ArVID220u https://arvid.xyz/ https://mntruell.com/ https://bit.ly/3zIDkPN https://x.com/sualehasif996 https://sualehasif.me/ SPONSORS: Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management. https://encord.com/lex MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. https://masterclass.com/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. http://netsuite.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: PODCAST LINKS: https://lexfridman.com/podcast https://apple.co/2lwqZIr https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 https://www.youtube.com/lexclips